Table 6 Student self-reported scientific misconducted behaviors

Fabricated data?

3

(1.88%)

13

(1.43%)

0

(0.00%)

0

(0.00%)

1

(1.06%)

17

(1.12%)

To confirm a hypothesis, selectively deleted or changed data after performing data analysis?

8

(5.00%)

18

(1.98%)

0

(0.00%)

6

(1.94%)

5

(5.32%)

37

(2.44%)

Deleted data before performing data analysis?

7

(4.38%)

23

(2.53%)

0

(0.00%)

9

(2.91%)

4

(4.26%)

43

(2.84%)

Concealed results contradicting previous research you have published?

4

(2.50%)

15

(1.65%)

1

(1.10%)

6

(1.94%)

2

(2.13%)

28

(1.85%)

Used phrases or ideas of others without their permission?

6

(3.75%)

8

(0.88%)

0

(0.00%)

2

(0.65%)

3

(3.19%)

29

(1.92%)

Used phrases or ideas of others without citation?

6

(3.75%)

20

(2.20%)

0

(0.00%)

5

(1.62%)

4

(4.26%)

35

(2.31%)

Turned a blind eye to colleagues’ use of flawed data or questionable interpretation of data?

4

(2.50%)

19

(2.09%)

0

(0.00%)

4

(1.29%)

1

(1.06%)

28

(1.85%)

Modified the results or conclusions of a study under pressure from an organization that (co-) funded the research?

4

(2.50%)

10

(1.10%)

0

(0.00%)

1

(0.32%)

2

(2.13%)

17

(1.12%)

Not published (part of) the results of a study?

4

(2.50%)

19

(2.09%)

0

(0.00%)

7

(2.27%)

1

(1.06%)

31

(2.05%)

Deliberately not mentioned an organization that funded your research in the publication of your study?

6

(3.75%)

11

(1.21%)

0

(0.00%)

1

(0.32%)

1

(1.06%)

13

(0.86%)

Added one or more authors to a report who did not qualify for authorship (honorary author)?

3

(1.88%)

12

(1.32%)

1

(1.10%)

2

(0.65%)

4

(4.26%)

22

(1.45%)

Selectively modified data after performing data analysis to confirm a hypothesis?

4

(2.50%)

19

(2.09%)

0

(0.00%)

0

(0.00%)

2

(2.13%)

25

(1.65%)

Reported/ing a downwardly rounded p-value (e.g., reporting that a p-value of 0.054 is less than 0.05)?

7

(4.38%)

14

(1.87%)

1

(1.10%)

2

(0.65%)

2

(2.13%)

29

(1.92%)

Reported an unexpected finding as having been hypothesized from the start?

12

(7.50%)

36

(3.96%)

1

(1.10%)

6

(1.94%)

2

(2.13%)

57

(3.76%)

Decided whether to exclude data after looking at the impact of doing so on the results?

13

(8.13%)

66

(7.25%)

4

(4.40%)

25

(8.09%)

11

(11.70%)

119

(7.86%)

Decided to collect more data after seeing that the results were almost statistically significant?

26

(16.25%)

92

(10.11%)

3

(3.30%)

39

(12.62%

10

(10.64%)

170

(11.23%)

Omitted a contributor who deserved authorship from the author’s list?

2

(1.25%)

11

(1.21%)

1

(1.10%)

0

(0.00%)

1

(1.06%)

15

(0.99%)

Stopped collecting data earlier than planned because the result at hand already reached statistical significance without formal stopping rules?

3

(1.88%)

10

(1.10%)

1

(1.10%)

3

(0.97%)

1

(1.06%)

18

(1.19%)

Deliberately failed to mention important aspects of the study in the paper?

1

(0.63%)

13

(1.43%)

0

(0.00%)

0

(0.00%)

0

(0.00%)

14

(0.92%)

Not disclosed a relevant financial or intellectual conflict of interest?

5

(3.13%)

21

(2.31%)

1

(1.10%)

5

(1.62%)

3

(3.19%)

35

(2.31%)

Spread results over more papers than needed to publish more papers (‘salami slicing’)?

5

(3.13%)

17

(1.87%)

0

(0.00%)

0

(0.00%)

0

(0.00%)

22

(1.45%)

Used confidential reviewer information for own research or publications?

3

(1.88%)

11

(1.21%)

0

(0.00%)

2

(0.65%)

2

(2.13%)

18

(1.19%)