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Table 3 Perceptions per climate

From: Perceptions of ethical decision-making climate among clinicians working in European and US ICUs: differences between religious and non-religious healthcare professionals

Factor

Non-religious healthcare providers (n = 2539)

Religious healthcare providers (n = 453)

     

median

IQR

median

IQR

diff

p

adjusted median diff

adjusted p1

highest median after adjustment

Good climate

         

F1. Leadership by physicians

0.55

(-0.11;1.02)

0.59

(-0.21;1.34)

0.04

0.82

0.24

< 0.01**

non-religious

F2. Interdisciplinary reflection

0.77

(0.22;1.25)

0.68

(-0.08;1.20)

0.09

0.44

0.11

0.049*

non-religious

F3. Culture of not avoiding EOL-DM

0.26

(-0.37;0.99)

0.18

(-0.58;0.71)

0.08

0.71

0.14

0.29

non-religious

F4. Mutual respect

0.75

(0.25;1.40)

0.41

(-0.09;1.35)

0.34

0.03*

0.05

0.37

non-religious

F5. Active involvement nurses

0.45

(-0.04;1.10)

0.56

(0.17;1.34)

0.11

0.39

0.09

0.51

non-religious

F6. Active DM physicians

0.55

(0.15;0.91)

0.45

(-0.29;0.89)

0.1

0.38

0.16

0.02*

non-religious

F7. Ethical awareness

0.53

(0.04;1.34)

0.21

(-0.14;0.69)

0.32

< 0.001***

0.10

0.35

non-religious

Average with nurses’ involvement at EOL

       

F1. Leadership by physicians

0.13

(-0.44;0.67)

0.21

(-0.43;0.77)

0.08

0.31

0.05

0.49

non-religious

F2. Interdisciplinary reflection

0.13

(-0.43;0.62)

0.25

(-0.40;0.72)

0.12

0.15

0.08

0.41

religious

F3. Culture of not avoiding EOL-DM

0.33

(-0.30;0.81)

0.26

(-0.51;0.76)

0.07

0.45

0.002

0.97

religious

F4. Mutual respect

0.19

(-0.24;0.42)

0.22

(-0.29;0.45)

0.03

0.35

0.04

0.30

religious

F5. Active involvement nurses

0.35

(-0.02;0.73)

0.33

(-0.09;0.65)

0.02

0.57

0.05

0.36

non-religious

F6. Active DM physicians

0.19

(-0.42;0.53)

0.13

(-0.44;0.48)

0.06

0.4

0.01

0.94

non-religious

F7. Ethical awareness

0.11

(-0.21;0.43)

0.1

(-0.29;0.32)

0.01

0.82

0.04

0.16

religious

Average without nurses’ involvement at EOL

       

F1. Leadership by physicians

0.37

(-0.46;0.92)

0.58

(-0.28;1.07)

0.21

0.25

0.01

0.98

non-religious

F2. Interdisciplinary reflection

0.32

(-0.45;0.88)

0.21

(-0.38;0.84)

0.11

0.43

0.09

0.62

non-religious

F3. Culture of not avoiding EOL-DM

0.07

(-0.68;0.63)

-0.13

(-0.54;0.73)

0.2

0.24

0.06

0.67

religious

F4. Mutual respect

0.02

(-0.61;0.48)

0.07

(-0.69;0.38)

0.05

0.71

0.03

0.85

non-religious

F5. Active involvement nurses

-0.8

(-1.42;-0.28)

-0.94

(-1.54;-0.38)

0.14

0.36

0.02

0.84

religious

F6. Active DM physicians

0.5

(0.11;0.95)

0.64

(0.13;1.11)

0.14

0.18

0.06

0.66

religious

F7. Ethical awareness

-0.08

(-0.75;0.32)

-0.2

(-0.62;0.22)

0.12

0.29

0.09

0.49

non-religious

Poor

         

F1. Leadership by physicians

-0.46

(-1.19;0.27)

-0.14

(-1.08;0.64)

0.32

0.02*

0.17

0.19

religious

F2. Interdisciplinary reflection

-0.51

(-1.31;0.17)

-0.47

(-1.20;0.18)

0.04

0.74

0.09

0.53

religious

F3. Culture of not avoiding EOL-DM

-0.47

(-1.09;0.15)

-0.48

(-0.93;0.09)

0.01

1

0.18

0.07

religious

F4. Mutual respect

-0.33

(-1.08;0.17)

-0.3

(-1.24;0.20)

0.03

0.84

0.03

0.80

religious

F5. Active involvement nurses

-0.42

(-1.10;0.23)

-0.54

(-1.26;0.03)

0.12

0.38

0.20

0.01*

religious

F6. Active DM physicians

-0.39

(-1.17;0.29)

-0.21

(-1.11;0.34)

0.18

0.22

0.09

0.35

religious

F7. Ethical awareness

-0.24

(-0.89;0.10)

-0.36

(-1.20;0.02)

0.12

0.26

0.04

0.65

religious

  1. EOL-DM: End-of-life decision-making, DM: Decision-making.
  2. 1. Mixed model adjusting for country as a fixed effect and ICU as a random effect
  3. * Significant at < 0.05 level
  4. ** Significant at < 0.01 level
  5. *** Significant at < 0.001 level