Table 1 Utilized scales to evaluate gender-affirming medical treatment outcomes for adolescents
Scale | Object of measure | Source |
|---|---|---|
Body Image Scale (BIS) | Body image satisfaction or dissatisfaction | Carmichael et al. (2021) [20] |
Satisfaction With Primary, Secondary, and Other Physical Characteristics | Cohen-Kettenis & van Goozen (1997) [64] | |
Body satisfaction | De Vries et al. (2011) [65] | |
Body image | De Vries et al. (2014) [6] | |
Body image dissatisfaction | Grannis et al. (2021) [66] | |
Body dissatisfaction | Kuper et al. (2020); [67] | |
Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale (UGDS) | Intensity of gender dysphoria | Carmichael et al. (2021) [20] |
Gender dysphoria | Cohen-Kettenis & van Goozen (1997) [64]; Smith et al. (2001; 2005) [29, 68]; De Vries et al. (2011; 2014) [6, 65] | |
GD-related discomfort | Costa et al. (2015) [69] | |
Youth Self Report (YSR) | Emotional and behavioral problems (psychological functioning) | Becker-Hebly et al. (2021) [19] |
General psychological functioning, self-harm | Carmichael et al. (2021) [20] | |
Behavioral and emotional problems | ||
Internalizing and externalizing problem behavior, self-harm/suicidality, and poor peer relations | Van der Miesen et al. (2020) [70] | |
Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) | Global functioning | |
Psychological and social functioning | Carmichael et al. (2021) [20] | |
Global Psychosocial Functioning | Costa et al. (2015) [69] | |
Overall severity of disturbance in children | De Vries et al. (2011) [65] | |
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) or Dutch version (NVM) | Personality inventory: negativism, somatization, shyness, psychopathology, and extroversion | Cohen-Kettenis & van Goozen (1997) [64] |
Psychological functioning | ||
Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) | General psychological functioning, self-harm | Carmichael et al. (2021) [20] |
Behavioral and emotional problems | ||
Adult Self Report (ASR) | Emotional and behavioral problems (psychological functioning) | De Vries et al. (2014) [6] Becker-Hebly et al. (2021) [19] |
Treatment evaluation questionnaire (self-constructed) - satisfaction with surgery | Functionality of the vagina or penis | Cohen-Kettenis & van Goozen (1997) [64] |
Functionality of the vagina or penis and satisfaction with surgical results | Smith et al. (2001) [29] | |
Functioning of vagina/penis and breasts | Smith et al. (2005) [68] | |
Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI) of State-Trait Personality Inventory | Tendency to respond with anxiety to a threatening or annoying situation | |
Trait Anger Scale (TPI) of State-Trait Personality Inventory | Tendency to respond with anger to a threatening or annoying situation | |
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | Presence and degree of depression | De Vries et al. (2011) [65] |
Presence and severity of depressive symptoms | De Vries et al. (2014) [6] | |
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) | Symptoms of generalized anxiety | Grannis et al. (2021) [66] |
Panic-related, social, separation-related, generalized, and school avoidance–related anxiety symptoms | Kuper et al. (2020) [67] | |
Appraisal of Appearance Inventory (AAI) | (In)compatibility of the appearance with the new gender | Smith et al. (2001) [29] |
Gender compatibility | Smith et al. (2005) [68] | |
Dutch version of Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) | Psychological functioning/stability | |
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | Symptoms of depression | Achille et al. (2020) [71] |
Depression | Tordoff et al. (2022) [72] | |
The Social Support Scale | Enquiry about the patient’s eight closest acquaintances | Smith et al. (2005) [68] |
The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-R) | Psychological measure - depression | Achille et al. (2020) [71] |
Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction (QLES-Q-SF) | Psychological measure - quality of life | Achille et al. (2020) [71] |
Ask Suicide-Screening (ASQ) | Suicidality | Allen et al. (2019) [73] |
General Well-Being Scale (GWBS) of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory | Well-being | Allen et al. (2019) [73] |
Kidscreen-27 | Health related quality of life - psychological and physical dimensions | Becker-Hebly et al. (2021) [19] |
Short Form-8 | Mental and physical quality of life | Becker-Hebly et al. (2021) [19] |
Dutch Personality Questionnaire (NPV) | Feelings of inadequacy, social inadequacy, rigidity, hostility, complacency, dominance, and self-esteem | Cohen-Kettenis & van Goozen (1997) [64] |
Social Reactions Questionnaire | Reactions of the social environment to the transsexual | Cohen-Kettenis & van Goozen (1997) [64] |
Adult Behavioral Checklist (ABCL) | Behavioral and emotional problems | De Vries et al. (2014) [6] |
WHOQOL-BREF | Quality of life, subjective well-being | De Vries et al. (2014) [6] |
The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) | Life satisfaction | De Vries et al. (2014) [6] |
Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) | Happiness | De Vries et al. (2014) [6] |
Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS) | Symptoms of depression | Kuper et al. (2020) [67] |
Public Confrontation Questionnaire | Evaluate the subject’s experiences of being able to “pass” in the new social role | Smith et al. (2001) [29] |
The Affect Balance Scale | Overall psychological well-being | Smith et al. (2001) [29] |
GID in Childhood Scale | Presence of GID symptoms in childhood | Smith et al. (2005) [68] |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) | Anxiety, self-harm and suicidal thoughts | Tordoff et al. (2022) [72] |
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) | Resilience | Tordoff et al. (2022) [72] |
LSAS | Social anxiety | Grannis et al. (2021) [66] |
CDI | Depression | Grannis et al. (2021) [66] |
SBQ-R | Suicidality/non-suicidal self-injury | Grannis et al. (2021) [66] |
Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (ZUF-8) | Youth’s satisfaction with Transition related care (TRC) | Nieder et al. (2021) [74] |
Individual Treatment Progress Score (ITPS) | Individual progress with regard to completion of a medical transition | Nieder et al. (2021) [74] |
F-SozU | Adolescents’ perceived social support | Nieder et al. (2021) [74] |
Kessler-6 Psychological Distress Scale | Severe psychological distress | Turban et al. (2022) [75] |
Kidscreen-52 | Health related quality of life | Carmichael et al. (2021) [20] |
Treatment evaluation and post-treatment functioning | Post-operative functioning and (dis)satisfaction | Smith et al. (2005) [68] |
Post-operative Functioning Scale | Postoperative functioning and satisfaction with SR | Smith et al. (2005) [68] |
Life circumstances (self-constructed) | Objective and Subjective Well-Being | De Vries et al. (2014) [6] |