Table 3 Different situations of ethical dilemmas experienced by participants

Treatment of other dental problems by orthodontist beyond their specialization such as caries.

Whether or not to explain all the complications during informed consent process of the orthodontic treatment before starting the treatment.

Decision making in situations where there is a difference in the patient’s and guardian’s wishes, especially in cases requiring orthognathic surgeries.

Choosing between camouflage and surgery in cases with moderate skeletal discrepancy when patient’s wish is different from the clinician’s recommendations.

In a transferred case with multiple errors in treatment planning and biomechanics, whether to inform patient about the mistakes by the preceding clinician or hide them with compromise in the result.

Debonding the case before complete receipt of the payment.